In Japan, government support, LED lighting industry grow rapidly. In 2008 the Japanese lighting market, LED lighting accounted for 0.8% of the proportion is expected to reach 8% in 2015, 2020, will increase to 25%. Nichia, ToyodaGosei and other influential world-leading enterprises are emerging LED. Japanese government in promoting the development of LED industry played a very important role. As early as 12 years ago, Japan has started to promote the development of semiconductor lighting technology and industrialization of the “21st Century Light Plan”, is the world’s first LED industry policy launched one of the countries. This article focuses on the LED to explore Japan’s most important industrial policy “in the 21st century light plan”, both before and after analysis of the plan implementation phase of the development focus to summarize the development of LED industry in Guangdong inspiration.

A first stage in order to promote R & D-based (1998-2002)

Organization to promote the implementation of the scheme commissioned by the authority. Japan’s “21st Century Light Project” (high-efficiency photovoltaic conversion compound semiconductor development) was in March 1998 by the METI (formerly MITI, METI) for the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO, TheNewEnergyAndIndustrialTechnologyDevELopmentOrganization) to provide funded by NEDO, and the specific metals research and development centers in Japan (JRCM, TheJapanResearchAndDevelopmentCenterForMetals) jointly implemented. Developed by the Japan Electric Lamp Manufacturers’ Association and four universities, 13 companies cooperation.

From the point of view at that time, Japan has actively implementing “21st Century Light Plan” mainly because of three considerations: First, to energy-saving, LED products, excellent energy saving effect can save a lot of energy for Japan, which is the most important reason. Second order reduction, once the popularity of LED lighting, will reduce 3.4 million tons per year of carbon dioxide, no doubt for the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions to add a booster. Third, the industry leader for the Japanese government to cultivate local LED industry’s international competitiveness and maintain with Nichia, Toyoda Gosei in Japan, led by companies such as LED technology leader in the world.

A focus on promoting R & D program. “The 21st century light plan” a plan emphasizes basic research in LED technology. In 1998-2002, the Japanese government invested 5 billion yen and the development of white LED semiconductor lighting, new semiconductor materials, substrate, phosphor, and lighting, etc. (see Table 1), the 2005 production that can replace incandescent and fluorescent The first generation of LED light source for general lighting. Japan has achieved a “21st century light plan” the first phase of the target.

Completion of the first phase of the target, largely cast a number of leading Japanese LED business success, they GaN blue and green LED breakthroughs in a number of industrial areas such as key and common technologies and the establishment of a worldwide patent network formed in this century, Japan’s leading edge LED industry. For example, the master of polysilicon, silicon and silicon wafer manufacturing materials and other production and manufacturing technologies have world-renowned Japanese company Shin-Etsu, Mitsubishi two (with two other virtues of enterprise MEMC, Wacker together control around 70% of silicon wafer market); master GaAS substrate manufacturing technology of Japanese companies including Hitachi Cable, Sumitomo Electric, Mitsubishi Chemical, Shin-Etsu, etc.; master organic metal technology is Sumitomo Electric; master phosphor technology companies are fundamentally about the special chemistry (Nenoto), into (Optonix), etc.; master MOVCD devices (commonly known as the extension of the furnace) manufacturing technology of Japanese companies, including Nichia, Toyoda Gosei, Dayang Sanso (Sanso) and so on.

Second, the second phase of building and nurturing needs of the market (2003-2010)

“The 21st century light plan” is the beginning of this century, the implementation of Japan’s technology leader in the field of LED-based development strategy of the important measures. The program hopes to continuous technological breakthrough can be achieved in 2006 with 50 percent of white LED lighting alternative to traditional lighting, as well as the country’s electricity consumption by approximately 10% of the target. But in fact the LED lighting lighting in Japan in 2008 accounted for only 0.8% of market share, which is LED price drop not achieve the desired level, and marketing applications has a lot of lag. To this end, the Japanese government to adjust the “21st Century Light Plan” to implement the second phase of the center of gravity, from the first phase of the push-based technology research and development to build the second phase shift and training needs of the market. More technical aspects of research and industry by industry-led alliance government’s direct financial investment decreased, the government hopes to develop the market and strengthen the popularization and application to open the deadlock. Thus, in the second phase implementation process, the Japanese government has adopted a standard set up to promote LED, LED products promote the use of tax incentives and other measures to expand the LED lighting market.

(A) promote the establishment of standards for LED

Currently, the overall global LED industry standards are not established, although the International Standards Association has developed a CIE-127 standard, but only part of the measurement standard. The reason is mainly a wide range LED applications, requirements of individual areas such as product characteristics vary greatly, but the lack of leader-led industry standard is one very important factor. To this end, the Japanese government and manufacturers to establish a standard for the world to seize the advantage is very positive. A few years ago, organized by the Japanese government, Japanese semiconductor lighting industry for the joint Japan Electric Lamp Manufacturers’ Association of LED products style and standardized measurements, and more recently the integration of Japan 72 LED LED lighting related companies set up to promote the Association, the the standard integration and development, membership hope buyers and sellers by reducing transaction costs and industry standards, thereby enhancing the competitive advantage of Japanese companies worldwide. Japan introduced the main LED important criteria include: the development and improvement of “white LED lighting metering method General.” Illuminating Engineering Society of Japan (JIES), Japan’s Commission on Illumination (JCIE), Japanese lighting industry will (JIL) and the Japan Electrical Manufacturers’ Association ball (JEL) in 2004 to develop common standards, “with white LED light metering method General”, as the only white LED lighting for the development of measurement standards in the first edition had the lead in formulating a number of projects had not been standardized, such as standard LED manufacturing, small modules of light intensity measurement and life assessment methods. Subsequently, the four groups in Japan in March 2006 announced a revision of this standard, increasing standard, and revise the original content, colorimetric measurements and flux measurement methods make a more detailed specification. Overall, a very detailed description of the standard, can be found at this stage of the LED standard international literature, the content can be said to be the most complete specifications. In the current industry is still a lack of appropriate generic LED measurement standard case, the standard will be an important reference.

Re-enactment of “Electrical Appliance and Material Safety Law” to regulate, including LED products, including product attributes. May 2010, the Japanese re-enacted the “Electrical Appliance and Material Safety Law,” clearly defined electron emitters (LED, OLED lighting) the power, voltage, fixed frequency. Provisions of the relevant official is expected to be released before the first quarter of 2011, the fastest will be implemented in July 2011. But for LED lighting, electric current specification includes only the spherical object lighting, lamp lighting in the specification that the object beyond. Although the “Electrical Appliance and Material Safety Law” does not contain a lamp type LED lighting, but still want companies to the Japanese government according to their own performance and security constraints, the formation of non-expressly provides that “the industry specifications.”

(B) promote the use of tax incentives LED products

Tax breaks to encourage procurement of LED products. December 2005, Japan introduced to improve and enhance the promotion of energy tax, between 2006-2007, clearly defined business or organization to use led lighting to replace incandescent lighting, access to over 130 per cent depreciation of investments, or 7% of investment tax rate reduction, to narrow the traditional lighting of the LED and the gap between procurement costs, improve use of LED lighting initiative to expand the demand for LED lighting in Japan.

LED products into the “Eco-Point” energy-saving appliances subsidy program. In response to the international financial crisis, to stimulate domestic consumption demand, in May 2009, the Japanese government began to implement energy-saving appliances subsidy program “Eco-Point” system, the implementation period for the end of 2010. The so-called Eco-Point system, affordable way to mainly country will be equivalent to 5% of the cost price as “EcoPoint” restore to consumers, then consumers can use points accumulated exchange of other products. LED lighting products become the flat-screen TVs, refrigerators and air conditioning after the approval of the second batch of product subsidies object. Currently, Eco-Point systems since inception, led the sales showed significant growth-related products, including LED lights in the Japanese share rose from less than 1% in 2009 to rapidly increase in February 2010 to 10%, effective from the last play boost Japanese consumer, the role of supporting economic recovery.

Even before, flying has been an innovation. Humans before couldn’t imagine of a time without journey. All they wanted was to fly. That’s why airplanes were born. Eventually, technology made it a reality for people to ride on the airplane near the pilot. People became restless that they started thinking of some beneficial ways where they can use the plane.

It was on the year 1910 when the idea that a plane can be used to carry shipments began. History revealed that a bolt of silk was the first to be shipped in a plane. The shipment was carried from Dayton to Columbus in Ohio. This was said to be the first demonstration of the air freight.

In 1919, another shipment took place. A converted bomber was shipped by the American Railway Express. The cargo was 1100 pounds, and was transported from Washington D.C to Chicago. Unluckily, the plane and the radiator froze had to land in Ohio. However, that didn’t hinder the people from using the plane as freight carrier.

During the late 1920s, more airlines operated as freight carrier. The creation of the freight carrier was used for American business only. The air freight had helped them not only in making the transportation of merchandise rapidly but also the fast pace of the process.

Undeniably, the primitive stages of the air freight business made a remarkable growth.

By the year 1927 to 1931 the number and size of the shipments had increased from 45,000 pounds to almost a million pounds. Though there were some effort at planning and organizing the air freight business, the commercial air freight did not operate until World War II ended.

The top 4 known airlines namely: American, United, TWA and Eastern formed the Air Cargo Inc. The primary mission of the company was to pick up and deliver cargo.

The Air Cargo was active until the end of the world. But in 1944, United and TWA began to be independent and had their own air freight business.

There were lots of small plane owners who wanted to part of the air cargo industry but were not accepted. The big airlines didn’t like smaller airlines to operate in the business. One reason for that was the possibility that the small airlines might screw up the constant status of the industry. Another reason was the former didn’t want to be involved in a competition.

Unluckily, those small plane operators who tried fell by the pavement. There’s only one that survived- it’s called the “Flying Tigers”. The Flying Tigers made it because it carried both military and civilian freight. And it was also known before as the largest in air freight liner industry.

In spite of the good start, the air freight business wasn’t developing that much. It didn’t work well in the business. Until someone in the name of Fred Smith opened up his new air freight known today as the Federal Express.

The Air Freight Industry Today

Federal express has been known today as one of the successful air freight carrier. With the aid of modern technology, it now uses air freight software to be able to provide the needs of the customers. The air freight software is the latest innovation for freight forwarders. It will resolve any problems in the system plus give you excellent and cost effective services.

Today the FedEx or the Federal Express is linked with the (UPS) United Parcel. The two freight carrier is now known to be the most reliable and trusted air delivery services in the country.

Evaluation of human resource performance has become one of the most popular recent trends in business performance assessment. Balanced scorecard is widely used to optimize performance and evaluate efficiency of human resource departments, especially in huge transnational companies and corporations. Business owners came to understand that human resources are worth to invest in, as such investments proved to be the most effective in the long term. One should not underestimate the power of human resources, and the recent financial crisis is the best proof that efficient and dedicated personnel can help company solve problems and even perform better in post crisis economy.

HR scorecard for publishing industry is gaining popularity. There is a tough competition in the market of both online and offline media. Thats why efficient use of human resources is a precondition for success. Publishing business is not an exception here.

Perhaps, the right choice of key performance indicators for HR scorecard in publishing business is the most important stage of BSC implementation. It is very important to find critical success factors for an effective HR policy. Publishing business has its own peculiar features, business environment and specific nature. It should be taken into account when creating key performance indicators in all categories of balanced scorecard.

Lets review a couple of indicators that might be very helpful in assessment of HR efficiency for publishing industry.

Average equipment cost per employee. Such an indicator is truly considered to be very representative. Personnel uses various equipment in publishing business, like printing machines, powerful computers etc. Inefficient use of equipment may result in huge expanses. In order to optimize production expenses per employee, it might be very helpful to keep track on this KPI. On the one hand, an employee should get everything he or she needs to fulfill duties. On the other hand the company should not overpay. Based on the evaluation results, human resource managers may think of the ways to optimize expenses by forming teams of the right size, allocating the right amount of resources, office space and equipment. Employees may share the same equipment without feeling uncomfortable which will decrease average equipment cost per employee, and thus the company may save money which can be used, for example, for training or personnel coaching.

New hire turnover during the first 12 months. Publishing business involves advanced knowledge and experience in working with specialized equipment. Thats why if a company hires and educates new employees it sometimes spends a great amount of money. If the new employee eventually leave the company having worked less than 12 month, the company is more likely to suffer losses. It is very important to create suitable working conditions for freshly hired personnel, so that newcomers can use obtained knowledge to benefit the company. New higher turnover is a very indicative measure that directly evaluates efficiency of human resource department. Logical leap, the lower turnover is, the better for the company.

Finally, it should be mentioned that when evaluating HR performance one needs to keep balance between interests of personnel goals of the company.

Japan is the world’s largest production base of RCL and quartz equipment. This earthquake has not jeopardized the factories heavily, but the supply of power and raw material is becoming short. Then the production of the device factory will be influenced. This influence can not be eliminated in the future three to nine months, which makes the short supply worse. The influence is huge especially in the aluminum electrolytic capacitor and MLCC industry which have high demand of power and accuracy. Many component magnates, such as Nichicon, Nippon-Chemicon and TDK, admitted that they had influenced by the earthquake. On one hand, they are worried about the capacity, on the other hand, they predicates the opportunities brought to China. I will describe some markets in the below part of my article.

First is the inductance. The Japanese chip inductor takes eighty-one percent all over the world. In this earthquake, many corporations had closed some of their factories.

Second is the capacitance. The place where the earthquake happened is the concentrated zone of aluminum electrolytic capacitor industry. Take the Nichicon for instance. Geographically, there are four places influenced by the disaster, namely Nagano, Hotaka, Ohmachi and Tomita. The other Corporations are similar with Nichicon. These entire situations give a blow to the industry chain. For the long term, this disaster will change the structure of the Japanese aluminum electrolytic capacitor industry deeply. The places which have suffered from unclear radiation will be closed for a long time or even forever, and then the manufacturers should move the industry chain outward.

Third is the resistance. It is reported that three factories of the Murata had left off work. Time is needed to calculate the loss. These factories are hard to recover to the original condition. Forth is the protection components. The factories of the protection components are not located in the north of Tokyo, so the earthquake has a little influence on it. Besides, the protection components are not accurate. The capacity will not be hindered if the devices are not broken. All in all, the influence brought by the earthquake is limited. The related integrated circuit is KTD1863.

The world of ‘catering’ is now a very far cry from simple sandwiches for office staff, or an occasional Directors lunch.

There are literally hundreds of thousands of catering companies throughout the UK. Some are small businesses providing mobile catering solutions, perhaps for small public events like fetes or open days. Others are multi million pound companies who specialise in catering for the country’s most high profile parties and occasions.

And catering isn’t just about food any more either. In fact plenty of today’s catering companies also provide drink, decoration and even entertainment as part of their product. More party planners than simple caterers, companies like Create or “rhubarb”, also have fingers in the retail pie too – running restaurants and bars as well as event catering arms.

Catering consultants are a fairly new phenomenon. Catering consultants (such as Merrit-Harrison and Turpin Smale) are people or organisations whose sole job is to assist other businesses in their own food and beverage arena. In the upcoming London 2012 Olympics for example there will be a huge demand for good catering consultants. They will be tasked with helping businesses to perfect the art of entertaining their corporate clients for the Olympic period. Many catering consultants are already busy helping hotels and restaurants create, improve or simply enhance their product in the run up to the Games. Let’s face it – it will be one of the busiest event and hospitality times the UK has even seen, so there is a great deal of money to be made getting it right!

As the catering industry has grown and diversified, so too has the scope of catering creativity these companies offer. Event catering, for example, is no longer just about dinner for 200 guests. Now a good catering company may offer you the choice of stalls service (where guests can help themselves to freshly cooked and served food); wok stations – a superbly theatrical way to serve hot fresh food en masse; sushi and sashimi bars; or even roving oyster shuckers. All are new ways of serving fresh, fabulous and of course visually impressive food quickly and efficiently.

The top catering companies employ Creative Managers and Designers whose sole job it is to ensure these ideas are always cutting edge and that the catering product continues to be unusual and effective. After all, as with any industry, it is those companies who evolve and develop their product effectively who do best in their market.

But of course catering doesn’t have to have the ‘wow factor’ either. Just good delicious food is a winning formula in some catering markets. Some companies for example specialise in creating (and delivering to your door) superb yet simple food, sourced and cooked brilliantly and aimed at reducing the time we spend in our kitchens. Classic fish pies and cottage pies perhaps, handmade chicken goujons for the kids, or a simple (cheat’s’ dinner party) cheesecake – all food that perhaps you might pre-order for a weekend away with friends perhaps, just to make a little less work yourself!

After all, that is what catering in all its forms is about – making a little less work for us, be it one less sandwich to make before our working day or one less dinner party to cater for, one less party for 1000 to organize, or one less headache on the corporate hospitality front.

Author Bio: Sara Allom writes about the growth of the catering industry and the rise of catering consultants in the build up to the 2012 Olympics. Its an exciting time to be a UK catering company.